of Carneades

Carnĕădes, is, m., = Karneadês, a distinguished philosopher of Cyrene, a pupil of the Stoic Diogenes, the founder of the New Academy in Athens, Cic. Ac. 2, 6, 16; 2, 42, 131; 2, 45, 137 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 5; id. de Or. 1, 11, 49; 2, 38, 161; Gell. 17, 15, 1; 17, 21, 1; Quint. 12, 3, 35; Lact. 5, 14.—Hence,

Carnĕădēus or - dīus, a, um, adj., of Carneades:

sententia,

Cic. Ac. 2, 48, 148:

divisio,

id. Fin. 5, 6, 16:

finis,

id. ib. 4, 18, 49:

vis,

id. de Or. 3, 19, 71 al.

Carnĕădes, is, m., = Karneadês, a distinguished philosopher of Cyrene, a pupil of the Stoic Diogenes, the founder of the New Academy in Athens, Cic. Ac. 2, 6, 16; 2, 42, 131; 2, 45, 137 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 5; id. de Or. 1, 11, 49; 2, 38, 161; Gell. 17, 15, 1; 17, 21, 1; Quint. 12, 3, 35; Lact. 5, 14.—Hence,

Carnĕădēus or - dīus, a, um, adj., of Carneades:

sententia,

Cic. Ac. 2, 48, 148:

divisio,

id. Fin. 5, 6, 16:

finis,

id. ib. 4, 18, 49:

vis,

id. de Or. 3, 19, 71 al.

Carnĕădes, is, m., = Karneadês, a distinguished philosopher of Cyrene, a pupil of the Stoic Diogenes, the founder of the New Academy in Athens, Cic. Ac. 2, 6, 16; 2, 42, 131; 2, 45, 137 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 5; id. de Or. 1, 11, 49; 2, 38, 161; Gell. 17, 15, 1; 17, 21, 1; Quint. 12, 3, 35; Lact. 5, 14.—Hence,

Carnĕădēus or - dīus, a, um, adj., of Carneades:

sententia,

Cic. Ac. 2, 48, 148:

divisio,

id. Fin. 5, 6, 16:

finis,

id. ib. 4, 18, 49:

vis,

id. de Or. 3, 19, 71 al.

călumnĭa (old form kălumnĭa; v. the letter K), ae, f. [perh. for calvomnia, from calvor; cf. incīlo], trickery, artifice, chicanery, cunning device.

Lit.

In gen.:

per obtrectatores Lentuli calumniā extracta res est,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 3:

(Lucullus) inimicorum calumniā triennio tardius quam debuerat triumphavit,

id. Ac. 2, 1, 3:

inpediti ne triumpharent calumniā paucorum, quibus omnia honesta atque inhonesta vendere mos erat,

Sall. C. 30, 4:

Metellus calumniā dicendi tempus exemit,

Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3:

cum omni morā, ludificatione, calumniā senatūs auctoritas impediretur,

id. Sest. 35, 75.— Plur.:

res ab adversariis nostris extracta est variis calumniis,

Cic. Fam. 1, 4, 1.—

In partic.

A pretence, evasion, subterfuge:

juris judicium cum erit et aequitatis, cave in istā tam frigidā, tam jejunā calumniā delitescas,

Cic. Caecin. 21, 61:

senatus religionis calumniam non religione, sed malevolentiā... comprobat,

id. Fam. 1, 1, 1:

Carneades... itaque premebat alio modo nec ullam adhibebat calumniam,

id. Fat. 14, 31:

calumniam stultitiamque ejus obtrivit ac contudit,

id. Caecin. 7, 18:

illud in primis, ne qua calumnia, ne qua fraus, ne quis dolus adhibeatur,

id. Dom. 14, 36:

quae major calumnia est, quam venire imberbum adulescentulum... dicere se filium senatorem sibi velle adoptare?

id. ib. 14, 37.—

In discourse, etc., a misrepresentation, false statement, fallacy, cavil (cf.:

cavillatio, perfugium): haec cum uberius disputantur et fusius, facilius effugiunt Academicorum calumniam,

Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 20:

(Carneades) saepe optimas causas ingenii calumniā ludificari solet,

id. Rep. 3, 5, 9:

nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 14:

si in minimis rebus pertinacia reprehenditur, calumnia etiam coërcetur,

id. ib. 2, 20, 65:

altera est calumnia, nullam artem falsis adsentiri opinionibus,

Quint. 2, 17, 18:

si quis tamen... ad necessaria aliquid melius adjecerit, non erit hac calumniā reprendendus,

id. 12, 10, 43.—

A false accusation, malicious charge, esp. a false or malicious information, or action at law, a perversion of justice ( = sukophantia):

jam de deorum inmortalium templis spoliatis qualem calumniam ad pontifices adtulerit?

false report, Liv. 39, 4, 11:

Scythae... cum confecto jam bello supervenissent, et calumniā tardius lati auxilii, mercede fraudarentur,

an unjust charge, Just. 42, 1, 2:

quamquam illa fuit ad calumniam singulari consilio reperta ratio... Quae res cum ad pactiones iniquissimas magnam vim habuit, tum vero ad calumnias in quas omnes inciderent, quos vellent Apronius,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 15, § 38:

causam calumniae reperire,

id. ib. 2, 2, 8, §

21: (Heraclius), a quo HS. C. milia per calumniam malitiamque petita sunt,

id. ib. 2, 2, 27, §

66: mirari improbitatem calumniae,

id. ib. 2, 2, 15, §

37: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumniā quādam et nimis callidā juris interpretatione,

id. Off. 1, 10, 33:

iste amplam occasionem calumniae nactus,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 25, § 61:

quem iste in decumis, in rebus capitalibus, in omni calumniā praecursorem habere solebat et emissarium,

id. ib. 2, 5, 41, § 108; 2, 2, 9, §

25: ad rapinas convertit animum, vario et exquisitissimo calumniarum et auctionum et vectigalium genere,

Suet. Calig. 38 init.; cf.

the context: calumniā litium alienos fundos petere,

Cic. Mil. 27, 74:

adeo illis odium Romanorum incussit rapacitas proconsulum, sectio publicanorum, calumniae litium,

Just. 38, 7, 8:

calumniarum metum inicere alicui,

Suet. Caes. 20:

principes confiscatos ob tam leve ac tam inpudens calumniarum genus, ut, etc.,

id. Tib. 49:

calumniis rapinisque intendit animum,

id. Ner. 32:

creditorum turbam... nonnisi terrore calumniarum amovit,

id. Vit. 7:

fiscales calumnias magna calumniantium repressit,

id. Dom. 9 fin. — Plur.:

istae calumniae,

App. Mag. 1, p. 273, 9; cf.:

calumnia magiae,

id. ib. 2, p. 274, 10.—

Hence, jurid. t. t., the bringing of an action, whether civil or criminal, in bad faith:

actoris calumnia quoque coërcetur,

litigiousness on the part of the plaintiff, Just. Inst. 4, 16, 1 Sandars ad loc.; Gai Inst. 4, 174: vetus calumniae actio, a prosecution for blackmail or malicious prosecution, id. ib.: calumniam jurare, to take the oath that the action is brought or defence offered in good faith, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 3: sei juraverit calumniae causā non postulare, Lex Acil. Repetund. 19; Dig. 39, 2, 7; cf.: praeter jusjurandum exigere non calumniae causā infitias ire, Gai Inst. 4, 172:

jusjurandum exigere non calumniae causā agere,

id. ib. 4, 176.—Hence:

nec satis habere bello vicisse Hannibalem, nisi velut accusatores calumniam in eum jurarent ac nomen deferrent,

Liv. 33, 37, 5 Weissenb. ad loc; so,

de calumniā jurare,

Dig. 39, 2, 13, § 3: jusjurandum de calumniā, Gai Inst. 4, 179; Dig. 12, 3, 34 al.: et quidem calumniae judicium adversus omnes actiones locum habet, a conviction in a cross-action for malicious prosecution, Gai Inst. 4, 175:

turpissimam personam calumniae honestae civitati inponere,

to fasten the vile character of a malicious prosecutor upon, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 17, § 43:

sine ignominiā calumniae accusationem relinquere non posse,

id. Clu. 31, 86.— The person convicted of this charge was branded on the forehead with the letter K; v. calumniator.—

Transf., a conviction for malicious prosecution ( = calumniae judicium, v. I. A. 4. supra):

hic illo privato judicio, mihi credite, calumniam non effugiet,

Cic. Clu. 59, 163: scito C. Sempronium Rufum, mel ac delicias tuas, calumniam maximo plausu tulisse, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 1:

accusare alienae dominationis scelerisque socius propter calumniae metum non est ausus,

Cic. Dom. 19, 49:

perinde poenā teneri ac si publico judicio calumniae condemnatus,

Tac. A. 14, 41:

calumniam fictis eludere jocis,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 37.—

Trop.

Of abstr. things: in hac igitur calumniā timoris et caecae suspitionis tormento, cum plurima ad alieni sensūs conjecturam, non ad suum judicium scribantur, i. e. when the writer ' s mind is made the fool of his fears, Caecil. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 4. —

Contra se, a mistaken severity towards one ' s self:

inveni qui Ciceroni crederent, eum (Calvum) nimiā contra se calumniā verum sanguinem perdidisse,

Quint. 10, 1, 115 (referring to Cic. Brut. 82, 283: nimium inquirens in se atque ipse sese observans, metuensque ne vitiosum colligeret, etiam verum sanguinem deperdebat).

călumnĭa (old form kălumnĭa; v. the letter K), ae, f. [perh. for calvomnia, from calvor; cf. incīlo], trickery, artifice, chicanery, cunning device.

Lit.

In gen.:

per obtrectatores Lentuli calumniā extracta res est,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 3:

(Lucullus) inimicorum calumniā triennio tardius quam debuerat triumphavit,

id. Ac. 2, 1, 3:

inpediti ne triumpharent calumniā paucorum, quibus omnia honesta atque inhonesta vendere mos erat,

Sall. C. 30, 4:

Metellus calumniā dicendi tempus exemit,

Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3:

cum omni morā, ludificatione, calumniā senatūs auctoritas impediretur,

id. Sest. 35, 75.— Plur.:

res ab adversariis nostris extracta est variis calumniis,

Cic. Fam. 1, 4, 1.—

In partic.

A pretence, evasion, subterfuge:

juris judicium cum erit et aequitatis, cave in istā tam frigidā, tam jejunā calumniā delitescas,

Cic. Caecin. 21, 61:

senatus religionis calumniam non religione, sed malevolentiā... comprobat,

id. Fam. 1, 1, 1:

Carneades... itaque premebat alio modo nec ullam adhibebat calumniam,

id. Fat. 14, 31:

calumniam stultitiamque ejus obtrivit ac contudit,

id. Caecin. 7, 18:

illud in primis, ne qua calumnia, ne qua fraus, ne quis dolus adhibeatur,

id. Dom. 14, 36:

quae major calumnia est, quam venire imberbum adulescentulum... dicere se filium senatorem sibi velle adoptare?

id. ib. 14, 37.—

In discourse, etc., a misrepresentation, false statement, fallacy, cavil (cf.:

cavillatio, perfugium): haec cum uberius disputantur et fusius, facilius effugiunt Academicorum calumniam,

Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 20:

(Carneades) saepe optimas causas ingenii calumniā ludificari solet,

id. Rep. 3, 5, 9:

nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 14:

si in minimis rebus pertinacia reprehenditur, calumnia etiam coërcetur,

id. ib. 2, 20, 65:

altera est calumnia, nullam artem falsis adsentiri opinionibus,

Quint. 2, 17, 18:

si quis tamen... ad necessaria aliquid melius adjecerit, non erit hac calumniā reprendendus,

id. 12, 10, 43.—

A false accusation, malicious charge, esp. a false or malicious information, or action at law, a perversion of justice ( = sukophantia):

jam de deorum inmortalium templis spoliatis qualem calumniam ad pontifices adtulerit?

false report, Liv. 39, 4, 11:

Scythae... cum confecto jam bello supervenissent, et calumniā tardius lati auxilii, mercede fraudarentur,

an unjust charge, Just. 42, 1, 2:

quamquam illa fuit ad calumniam singulari consilio reperta ratio... Quae res cum ad pactiones iniquissimas magnam vim habuit, tum vero ad calumnias in quas omnes inciderent, quos vellent Apronius,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 15, § 38:

causam calumniae reperire,

id. ib. 2, 2, 8, §

21: (Heraclius), a quo HS. C. milia per calumniam malitiamque petita sunt,

id. ib. 2, 2, 27, §

66: mirari improbitatem calumniae,

id. ib. 2, 2, 15, §

37: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumniā quādam et nimis callidā juris interpretatione,

id. Off. 1, 10, 33:

iste amplam occasionem calumniae nactus,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 25, § 61:

quem iste in decumis, in rebus capitalibus, in omni calumniā praecursorem habere solebat et emissarium,

id. ib. 2, 5, 41, § 108; 2, 2, 9, §

25: ad rapinas convertit animum, vario et exquisitissimo calumniarum et auctionum et vectigalium genere,

Suet. Calig. 38 init.; cf.

the context: calumniā litium alienos fundos petere,

Cic. Mil. 27, 74:

adeo illis odium Romanorum incussit rapacitas proconsulum, sectio publicanorum, calumniae litium,

Just. 38, 7, 8:

calumniarum metum inicere alicui,

Suet. Caes. 20:

principes confiscatos ob tam leve ac tam inpudens calumniarum genus, ut, etc.,

id. Tib. 49:

calumniis rapinisque intendit animum,

id. Ner. 32:

creditorum turbam... nonnisi terrore calumniarum amovit,

id. Vit. 7:

fiscales calumnias magna calumniantium repressit,

id. Dom. 9 fin. — Plur.:

istae calumniae,

App. Mag. 1, p. 273, 9; cf.:

calumnia magiae,

id. ib. 2, p. 274, 10.—

Hence, jurid. t. t., the bringing of an action, whether civil or criminal, in bad faith:

actoris calumnia quoque coërcetur,

litigiousness on the part of the plaintiff, Just. Inst. 4, 16, 1 Sandars ad loc.; Gai Inst. 4, 174: vetus calumniae actio, a prosecution for blackmail or malicious prosecution, id. ib.: calumniam jurare, to take the oath that the action is brought or defence offered in good faith, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 3: sei juraverit calumniae causā non postulare, Lex Acil. Repetund. 19; Dig. 39, 2, 7; cf.: praeter jusjurandum exigere non calumniae causā infitias ire, Gai Inst. 4, 172:

jusjurandum exigere non calumniae causā agere,

id. ib. 4, 176.—Hence:

nec satis habere bello vicisse Hannibalem, nisi velut accusatores calumniam in eum jurarent ac nomen deferrent,

Liv. 33, 37, 5 Weissenb. ad loc; so,

de calumniā jurare,

Dig. 39, 2, 13, § 3: jusjurandum de calumniā, Gai Inst. 4, 179; Dig. 12, 3, 34 al.: et quidem calumniae judicium adversus omnes actiones locum habet, a conviction in a cross-action for malicious prosecution, Gai Inst. 4, 175:

turpissimam personam calumniae honestae civitati inponere,

to fasten the vile character of a malicious prosecutor upon, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 17, § 43:

sine ignominiā calumniae accusationem relinquere non posse,

id. Clu. 31, 86.— The person convicted of this charge was branded on the forehead with the letter K; v. calumniator.—

Transf., a conviction for malicious prosecution ( = calumniae judicium, v. I. A. 4. supra):

hic illo privato judicio, mihi credite, calumniam non effugiet,

Cic. Clu. 59, 163: scito C. Sempronium Rufum, mel ac delicias tuas, calumniam maximo plausu tulisse, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 1:

accusare alienae dominationis scelerisque socius propter calumniae metum non est ausus,

Cic. Dom. 19, 49:

perinde poenā teneri ac si publico judicio calumniae condemnatus,

Tac. A. 14, 41:

calumniam fictis eludere jocis,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 37.—

Trop.

Of abstr. things: in hac igitur calumniā timoris et caecae suspitionis tormento, cum plurima ad alieni sensūs conjecturam, non ad suum judicium scribantur, i. e. when the writer ' s mind is made the fool of his fears, Caecil. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 4. —

Contra se, a mistaken severity towards one ' s self:

inveni qui Ciceroni crederent, eum (Calvum) nimiā contra se calumniā verum sanguinem perdidisse,

Quint. 10, 1, 115 (referring to Cic. Brut. 82, 283: nimium inquirens in se atque ipse sese observans, metuensque ne vitiosum colligeret, etiam verum sanguinem deperdebat).

Charmădas, ae, m., = Charmadas.

An Academic philosopher, pupil of Carneades, Cic. Ac. 2, 6, 16; id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; id. Tusc. 1, 24, 59; Quint. 11, 2, 26.—

A Greek painter, Plin. 35, 8, 34, § 56.

Crĭtŏlāus, i, m.

A peripatetic philosopher, who was sent with Carneades and the Stoic Diogenes as an ambassador to Rome, Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45; 2, 37, 155; id. Tusc. 5, 17, 51; id. Fin. 5, 5, 14; Gell. 6 (7), 14, 9; 17, 21, 48; Tert. Anim. 5.—

A leader of the Achaians, in a war with the Romans, Cic. N. D. 3, 38, 91; Flor. 2, 16, 2.—

A Sicilian at Henna, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 26, § 59.

dē-fendo, di, sum ( infin. pass. parag.: defendier, Verg. A. 8, 493: Juv. 15, 157.— Part. gen. plur. sync.:

defendentum,

Verg. A. 11, 886), 3, v. a. [arch.: FENDO; cf. Sanscr. han (ghan), to smite; Gr. theinô; hence, also offendo, infensus, infestus, mani-festus; cf. fustis], to fend or ward off any thing hostile or injurious; to repel, avert, keep off: propulsando arcere (for syn. cf.: tueor, tutor, servo, conservo. propugno, protego, vindico, caveo—freq. and class.); regularly constr. with acc. alone (so in Cic. and Caes.); very rarely aliquid (aliquem) ab aliquo, and in poets also aliquid alicui; cf. Zumpt. Gr. § 469.

Aliquid (aliquem):

ut tu morbos calamitates intemperiasque prohibessis, defendas averruncesque,

Cato R. R. 141, 2: serva cives, defende hostes, cum potes defendere, Enn. ap. Non. 277, 21; cf.

bellum (opp. inferre),

Caes. B. G. 1, 44, 13; 2, 29 fin.:

ad defendendos ictus ac repellendos,

id. B. C. 2, 9, 3; cf.:

ignis jactus et lapides,

id. ib. 2, 2, 4:

frigus et solem,

Cato R. R. 48, 2; cf.:

nimios solis ardores,

Cic. de Sen. 15, 53;

and frigus,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 14;

also: sitim fonte et purā lymphā,

to quench, Sil. 7, 170:

qui non defendit injuriam neque propulsat,

Cic. Off. 3, 18, 74; so,

injuriam,

id. Rosc. Am. 1:

noxiam,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 48:

imperatoris sui tribunorumque plebis injurias,

Caes. B. C. 1, 7 fin.:

vim suorum,

id. ib. 3, 110, 4; cf.:

vim illatam vi,

Cic. Mil. 4:

pericula,

id. Mur. 3; Tac. A. 13, 56:

hunc furorem,

Verg. A. 10, 905:

dedecus manu,

Sil. 13, 99 et saep.:

crimen,

to answer, defend against an accusation, Liv. 42, 48, 2.—

With ab: (milites) a pinnis hostes defendebant facillime, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 1, 1; cf. ib. 8:

hostem a fossa,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 9:

ignem a tectis,

Ov. R. Am. 625.—

Aliquid alicui (cf. arceo, no. II. d.):

iniuriam foribus,

Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 20:

solstitium pecori,

Verg. E. 7, 47; cf.:

aestatem capellis,

Hor. Od. 1, 17, 3; Prop. 1, 20, 11:

tela misero,

Sil. 17, 432:

dedecus morti,

id. 5, 490:

senium famae,

Stat. Th. 9, 318.—

Absol., to put a stop (to a fire), to check the flames:

nec quisquam defendere audebat, crebris minis restinguere prohibentium,

Tac. A. 15, 38; cf.:

urbem incendere, feris in populum immissis, quo difficilius defenderentur,

Suet. Ner. 43.—

Transf., like prohibere, with acc. of that from which any thing is warded off or averted, to defend, guard, protect, cover.

In gen. (so most freq. in all perr. and species of composition), constr. with acc. alone; with acc. and ab aliquo (contra aliquid), or merely ab aliquo; and absol.

With simple acc.:

Aeduos ceterosque amicos populi Rom.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 35 fin.:

eos,

id. ib. 2, 10, 4; id. B. C. 1, 6, 2:

se armis,

id. B. G. 6, 34:

se manu,

id. ib. 5, 7, 8;

6, 40, 6 et saep.: castra,

id. ib. 3, 3 fin.; id. B. C. 3, 67, 5; 3, 94, 6 (with tueri):

oppidum,

id. B. G. 3, 16, 3 et saep.:

eum defendo, quem tu accusas,

Cic. Sull. 17:

aliquem apud praetores,

id. Clu. 45, 126:

aliquem de ambitu,

id. Sull. 2, 6: cf.

causam,

id. Clu. 27, 74; id. Sull. 31, 86; id. Lael. 25, 96 et passim:

d. ac tegere scelus,

id. Sull. 31, 86; cf.

with protegere,

id. ib. 18, 50:

justitiam,

id. Lael. 7, 25:

communem salutem,

id. Rep. 1, 1; id. Mur. 2 fin. et saep.:

locum,

to preserve, maintain, id. Quint. 13, 43; cf.:

vicem modo rhetoris atque poëtae,

to sustain, Hor. S. 1, 10, 12:

actorum partes,

id. A. P. 194:

aedes Vestae vix defensa est (sc. ab incendio),

preserved, Liv. 26, 27.—

Aliquid (aliquem) ab aliquo:

Aedui cum se suaque ab iis defendere non possent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 11, 2:

se a finitimis,

id. ib. 2, 31, 5; id. B. C. 1, 75, 3; Sall. C. 45, 4 et saep.:

Galliam omnem ab Ariovisti injuria,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31 fin.; so,

aliquem ab injuria,

id. ib. 5, 20, 3; Sall. C. 35 fin.; cf. Caes. B. C. 1, 22, 5:

se regnumque suum ab Romanorum avaritia,

Sall. J. 49, 2:

provinciam non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 6, 14: Italiam a vastatione, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15 fin.:

vitam ab inimicorum audacia telisque,

Cic. Mil. 2 fin.:

libertatis causam ab regio praesidio,

Liv. 39, 24 et saep.:

teneras myrtos a frigore,

Verg. E. 7, 6:

frondes ab acutae vulnere falcis, a pecoris morsu,

Ov. M. 9, 384 et saep.—

With ab aliquo:

quod et ab incendio lapis et ab ariete materia defendit,

Caes. B. G. 7, 23, 5; so id. B. C. 1, 25 fin.; 3, 63, 7.—

Aliquem (aliquid) contra, or adversus aliquem:

me scio a te contra iniquos meos solere defendi,

Cic. Fam. 11, 27, 7:

sese adversus populum Romanum defendere,

id. Phil. 1, 6, 13:

me adversus Abrupolim,

Liv. 42, 41, 10; Just. 2, 4, 32; Suet. Caes. 71; Liv. 5, 35, 4:

auctoritatem contra invidiam,

Cic. Phil, 8, 4; 13, 11; id. Fam. 5, 2, 6; id. Sest. 67, 141; 23, 51; 52, 111; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45.—

Absol.:

filii qui et sentire et defendere possent,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 23, 64 fin.:

cum jam defenderet nemo,

Caes. B. G. 2, 33, 6:

defendentibus civibus Romanis,

id. B. C. 3, 40, 6; cf. in the abl. absol., id. B. G. 2, 12, 3; id. B. C. 3, 68 fin.; Cic. Lael. 25, 96 et saep.:

quibus eae partes ad defendendum obvenerunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 81 fin. —

In partic.

Of speech, to defend, support, maintain; to bring forward, allege in defence (so repeatedly in Cic.; elsewhere rare).

With acc.:

(Carneades) nullam umquam in illis suis disputationibus rem defendit, quam non probarit,

Cic. de Or. 2, 38 fin.; cf. id. Fam. 4, 14:

me id maxime defendisse, ut, etc.,

have chiefly striven for, id. Rosc. Am. 47; id. Verr. 2, 3, 37; 2, 5, 58.—

With acc. and inf.:

gravissimeque et verissime defenditur, numquam aequitatem ab utilitate posse sejungi, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 3, 21, 71; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90 fin.; id. Tull. 13, 32:

ille nihil ex his sponte susceptum sed principi paruisse defendebat,

Tac. A. 13, 43:

sed id solitum esse fieri defendebat,

Gell. 10, 19; so with verb pass. and inf., Cic. Inv. 2, 32 init. —

With a relative clause:

(quae turpitudines) cur non cadant in sapientem, non est facile defendere,

Cic. Fin. 2, 35, 117. —

In the later jurid. Lat., to claim, vindicate, or prosecute at law:

quia libertatem et hereditatem ex testamento sibi defendebat,

Dig. 5, 3, 7:

si patris mortem defendere necesse habuerit,

i. e. legally to avenge his death, ib. 38, 2, 14, § 7; 48, 2, 11.

Dĭŏgĕnes, is, m., = Diogenês.

Apolloniates, a celebrated Ionian philosopher, pupil of Anaximenes, Cic. N. D. 1, 12, 29.—

The well-known Cynic philosopher of Sinope, Cic. Tusc. 1, 43, 104; id. N. D. 3, 34; id. Mur. 36 et saep.—

A Stoic, teacher of Carneades and Laelius, Cic. Div. 1, 3, 6; id. Fin. 2, 8; id. Tusc. 4, 3; id. de Sen. 7 et saep.—

A friend of M. Caelius Rufus, Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 2; id. Cael. ib. 8, 8, 10.

fortūno, āvi, ātum, 1 (archaic form of the perf. subj. fortunassint, Afran. ap. Non. 109, 18), v. a. [fortuna, II. A. 1.], to make prosperous or fortunate, to make happy, to prosper, bless: prosperare, omnibus bonis augere, Non. l. l. (class.; most freq. in the P. a.); constr. usually (alicui) aliquid: St. Di fortunabunt vostra consilia! Ph. Ita volo, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 175:

tibi patrimonium dei fortunent,

Cic. Fam. 2, 2:

eumque honorem tibi deos fortunare volo,

id. ib. 15, 7; Liv. 34, 4 fin.:

quod faxitis, deos velim fortunare,

id. 6, 41, 12: quamcumque deus tibi fortunaverit horam, whatever happy hour Providence has allotted you, Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 22.— Absol.: deos ego omnes, ut fortunassint, precor, Afran. ap. Non. 1. 1.—Hence, fortūnātus, a, um, P. a., prospered, prosperous, lucky, happy, fortunate (syn.: beatus, felix).

In gen.:

salvus atque fortunatus semper sies,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 5:

et miser sum et fortunatus,

id. Capt. 5, 3, 16:

qui me in terra aeque Fortunatus erit, si illa ad me bitet?

id. Curc. 1, 2, 52:

quam est hic fortunatus putandus, cui, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

nec quicquam insipiente fortunato intolerabilius fieri potest,

id. Lael. 15, 54:

laudat senem et fortunatum esse dicit,

id. Tusc. 3, 24, 57:

mihi vero Cn. et P. Scipiones comitatu nobilium juvenum fortunati videbantur,

id. de Sen. 9, 29:

o hominem fortunatum!

id. Quint. 25, 80:

fortunate senex!

Verg. E. 1, 47:

fortunatus et ille deos qui novit agrestes,

id. G. 2, 493:

c fortunatam rem publicam!

Cic. Cat. 2, 4, 7; cf.: o fortunatam natam me consule Romam, id. poët Fragm. ap. Quint. 9, 4, 41; 11, 1, 24; cf. also Juv. 10, 122:

fortunatus illius exitus,

Cic. Brut. 96, 329:

vita,

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 14:

ut nobis haec habitatio Bona, fausta, felix fortunataque eveniat,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 3 (v. felix).— Comp.:

ecquis me hodie vivit fortunatior?

Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 1:

Carneades dicere solitus est, nusquam se fortunatiorem quam Praeneste vidisse Fortunam,

Cic. Div. 2, 41 fin.; Hor. A. P. 295.— Sup.:

Archelaüs, qui tum fortunatissimus haberetur,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 12, 34:

fortunatissimo proelio decertare,

Vell. 2, 12, 5.—

Poet., with gen.:

fortunatus laborum,

happy in his sufferings, Verg. A. 11, 416:

fortunate animi!

Stat. Th. 1, 638. —

In partic.

(Acc. to fortuna, II. B. 2.) In good circumstances, well off, wealthy, rich:

gratia fortunati et potentis,

Cic. Off. 2, 20, 69:

apud Scopam, fortunatum hominem et nobilem,

id. de Or. 2, 86, 352:

quid vos hanc miseram ac tenuem sectamini praedam, quibus licet jam esse fortunatissimis?

Caes. B. G. 6, 35, 8.—

Fortūnātae Insŭlae, Gr. tôn Makarôn niêsoi, the fabulous isles of the Western Ocean, the abodes of the blessed; acc. to some, the Canary Isles, Plin. 4, 22, 36, § 119; 6, 32, 37, § 202;

also called Fortunatorum insulae,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 148;

and transf.: amoena virecta fortunatorum nemorum,

Verg. A. 6, 639.— Adv.: fortūnāte, fortunately, prosperously:

nunc bene vivo et fortunate atque ut volo,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 112:

facile et fortunate evenit,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 61:

feliciter, absolute, fortunate vivere,

Cic. Fin. 3, 7, 26:

scite aut fortunate gestum,

Liv. 10, 18, 5.

fortūno, āvi, ātum, 1 (archaic form of the perf. subj. fortunassint, Afran. ap. Non. 109, 18), v. a. [fortuna, II. A. 1.], to make prosperous or fortunate, to make happy, to prosper, bless: prosperare, omnibus bonis augere, Non. l. l. (class.; most freq. in the P. a.); constr. usually (alicui) aliquid: St. Di fortunabunt vostra consilia! Ph. Ita volo, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 175:

tibi patrimonium dei fortunent,

Cic. Fam. 2, 2:

eumque honorem tibi deos fortunare volo,

id. ib. 15, 7; Liv. 34, 4 fin.:

quod faxitis, deos velim fortunare,

id. 6, 41, 12: quamcumque deus tibi fortunaverit horam, whatever happy hour Providence has allotted you, Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 22.— Absol.: deos ego omnes, ut fortunassint, precor, Afran. ap. Non. 1. 1.—Hence, fortūnātus, a, um, P. a., prospered, prosperous, lucky, happy, fortunate (syn.: beatus, felix).

In gen.:

salvus atque fortunatus semper sies,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 5:

et miser sum et fortunatus,

id. Capt. 5, 3, 16:

qui me in terra aeque Fortunatus erit, si illa ad me bitet?

id. Curc. 1, 2, 52:

quam est hic fortunatus putandus, cui, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

nec quicquam insipiente fortunato intolerabilius fieri potest,

id. Lael. 15, 54:

laudat senem et fortunatum esse dicit,

id. Tusc. 3, 24, 57:

mihi vero Cn. et P. Scipiones comitatu nobilium juvenum fortunati videbantur,

id. de Sen. 9, 29:

o hominem fortunatum!

id. Quint. 25, 80:

fortunate senex!

Verg. E. 1, 47:

fortunatus et ille deos qui novit agrestes,

id. G. 2, 493:

c fortunatam rem publicam!

Cic. Cat. 2, 4, 7; cf.: o fortunatam natam me consule Romam, id. poët Fragm. ap. Quint. 9, 4, 41; 11, 1, 24; cf. also Juv. 10, 122:

fortunatus illius exitus,

Cic. Brut. 96, 329:

vita,

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 14:

ut nobis haec habitatio Bona, fausta, felix fortunataque eveniat,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 3 (v. felix).— Comp.:

ecquis me hodie vivit fortunatior?

Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 1:

Carneades dicere solitus est, nusquam se fortunatiorem quam Praeneste vidisse Fortunam,

Cic. Div. 2, 41 fin.; Hor. A. P. 295.— Sup.:

Archelaüs, qui tum fortunatissimus haberetur,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 12, 34:

fortunatissimo proelio decertare,

Vell. 2, 12, 5.—

Poet., with gen.:

fortunatus laborum,

happy in his sufferings, Verg. A. 11, 416:

fortunate animi!

Stat. Th. 1, 638. —

In partic.

(Acc. to fortuna, II. B. 2.) In good circumstances, well off, wealthy, rich:

gratia fortunati et potentis,

Cic. Off. 2, 20, 69:

apud Scopam, fortunatum hominem et nobilem,

id. de Or. 2, 86, 352:

quid vos hanc miseram ac tenuem sectamini praedam, quibus licet jam esse fortunatissimis?

Caes. B. G. 6, 35, 8.—

Fortūnātae Insŭlae, Gr. tôn Makarôn niêsoi, the fabulous isles of the Western Ocean, the abodes of the blessed; acc. to some, the Canary Isles, Plin. 4, 22, 36, § 119; 6, 32, 37, § 202;

also called Fortunatorum insulae,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 148;

and transf.: amoena virecta fortunatorum nemorum,

Verg. A. 6, 639.— Adv.: fortūnāte, fortunately, prosperously:

nunc bene vivo et fortunate atque ut volo,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 112:

facile et fortunate evenit,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 61:

feliciter, absolute, fortunate vivere,

Cic. Fin. 3, 7, 26:

scite aut fortunate gestum,

Liv. 10, 18, 5.

lĭcentĭa, ae, f. [licet], freedom, liberty, leave to do as one pleases, license.

In gen.: Dae. Licet... licet... licet. Tr. Hercules istum infelicet cum sua licentia, Plaut. Rud. 4, 6, 21:

nobis nostra Academia magnam licentiam dat, ut, etc.,

Cic. Off. 3, 4, 20:

pueris non omnem ludendi licentiam damus,

id. ib. 1, 29, 103:

tantum licentiae dabat gloria,

id. de Sen. 13, 44:

absolvendi,

Tac. A. 14, 49:

lasciviendi permittere militibus,

Suet. Caes. 67.—

In partic.

Liberty which one assumes, boldness, presumption, license:

homo ad scribendi licentiam liber,

Cic. N. D. 1, 44, 123:

a Democrito omnino haec licentia,

id. ib. 1, 38, 107:

per intercalandi licentiam,

by arbitrary intercalation, Suet. Caes. 40.—Freq. of style:

poëtarum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 38, 153:

juvenilis quaedam dicendi impunitas et licentia,

id. Brut. 91, 316:

figurarum,

Quint. 10, 1, 28.—

In rhet. as a figure of speech, = parrêsia, boldness, freedom of speech, Auct. Her. 4, 36, 48:

poëtica,

Quint. 2, 4, 3; 4, 1, 58:

declamatoria,

id. 8, 3, 76.—

Unrestrained liberty, unbounded license, dissoluteness, licentiousness:

deteriores omnes sumus licentia,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 74:

nimia illaec licentia evadet in aliquod magnum malum,

id. Ad. 3, 4, 63:

omnium rerum infinita atque intoleranda licentia,

Cic. Agr. 1, 5, 5:

licentia libidoque,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 33, § 77:

cupiditatum,

id. Att. 10, 4, 1; id. Off. 2, 8, 28:

habere impunitatem et licentiam sempiternam,

id. Mil. 31, 84:

quorum licentiae nisi Carneades restitisset,

id. Div. 2, 72, 150: malle licentiam suam quam aliorum libertatem, Liv. 3, 37:

Sullani temporis,

lawlessness, Suet. Gram. 11:

militum,

Nep. Eum. 8:

indomitam Refrenare (licentiam),

Hor. C. 3, 24, 29:

licentiam coërcere,

Tac. H. 1, 35:

in libertatibus quoque dandis nimiam licentiam compescuit lex Fufia Caninia,

Gai. Inst. 2, 228.—Of inanimate things: magna gladiorum est licentia, the license of the sword is great, i. e. daring murders are prevalent, Cic. Fam. 4, 9, 12:

immensa licentia ponti,

Ov. M. 1, 309.—

Personified as a goddess:

templum Licentiae (for Libertatis),

Cic. Leg. 2, 17, 42; cf. Libertas.

Mētrŏdōrus, i, m., = Mêtrodôros.

Metrodorus Lampsacenus or Atheniensis, an Epicurean, Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 8; 2, 6, 17; 5, 9, 27.—

M. Scepsius (from Scepsis, a city of Mysia), a rhetorical and Academic philosopher, famous for his memory, Cic. de Or. 2, 88, 360; 3, 20, 75; Plin. 34, 7, 16, § 34.—

M. Stratonicēus (from Stratonice, a city of Caria), a pupil of Carneades, and an excellent orator, Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45; id. Ac. 2, 6, 16.—

Metrodorus Chius, a pupil of Democritus and teacher of Anaxarchus and of the fourth Hippocrates (about B. C. 330), Cic. Ac. 2, 23, 73.—

A freedman of Cicero, Cic. Att. 15, 1, B, 2; id. Fam. 16, 20, 1.

sōbrĭus ( sōbrĕus), a, um ( comp. sobrior, Laber. ap. Charis. p. 64; elsewhere not compared), adj. [cf. Gr. sôphrôn, saos; Lat. sanus], not drunk, sober (freq. and class.).

Lit., opp. vinolentus, Cic. Ac. 2, 17, 52; so id. Or. 28, 99;

opp. vino madens,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 4, 2;

opp. madidus,

id. Am. 3, 4, 18; cf. Hor. S. 2, 3, 5; Cato Utic. ap. Suet. Caes. 53; and ap. Quint. 8, 2, 9;

opp. ebrius,

Sen. Ep. 18, 4 (with siccus); Mart. 3, 16, 3;

opp. temulentus,

Tac. A. 13, 15 et saep.:

male sobrius, i. e. ebrius,

Tib. 1, 10, 51; Ov. F. 6, 785.—

Transf., of things ( poet. and post-Aug. prose; cf.

ebrius): pocula,

Tib. 1, 6, 28 (24):

lympha mixta mero,

id. 2, 1, 46:

nox,

in which there was no drinking, Prop. 3, 17 (4, 16), 11; cf.

convictus,

Tac. A. 13, 15:

uva,

not intoxicating, Plin. 14, 3, 4, § 31:

rura,

that furnish no wine, Stat. S. 4, 2, 37; cf. Suet. Dom. 7:

sobrium vicum Romae dictum putant, vel quod in eo nulla taberna fuerit, vel quod in eo Mercurio lacte, non vino supplicabatur, Fest. pp. 296 and 297 Müll.: non sobria verba,

i. e. of a drunken person, Mart. 1, 28, 5:

paupertas,

Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 411:

lares pauperes nostros, sed plane sobrios revisamus,

App. M. 5, p. 163, 31.—

In gen., sober, moderate, temperate, continent:

parcus ac sobrius,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 15: vigilans ac sollers, sicca, sana, sobria, Afran. ap. Non. 21, 33 (Com. Rel. p. 148 Rib.):

homines frugi ac sobrii,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 27, § 67:

auream quisquis mediocritatem Diligit... caret invidendā Sobrius aulā,

Hor. C. 2, 10, 8; Vell. 2, 63, 1:

non aestimatur voluptas illa Epicuri, quam sobria et sicca sit,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 12, 4:

corda,

Stat. S. 5, 1, 78:

vetus illa Romana virtus et sobria,

Amm. 15, 4, 3;

opp. libidinosus,

Lact. 3, 26, 7.—

Trop., of the mind, sober, even-minded, clever, sensible, prudent, reasonable, cautious (syn.:

mentis compos, sanus): satin' sanus es aut sobrius?

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 29; cf.:

satis credis sobriam esse,

id. Eun. 4, 4, 36:

tu homo non es sobrius,

id. And. 4, 4, 39:

vigilantes homines, sobrii, industrii,

Cic. Cael. 31, 74: [p. 1715] diligentes et memores et sobrii oratores, id. de Or. 2, 32, 140;

opp. iracundus,

Vell. 2, 41, 1:

alte sobria ferre pedem,

prudently, Ov. Am. 1, 12, 6.—Of things:

opera Proba et sapiens et sobria,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 5, 2:

ingenium siccum ac sobrium,

Sen. Ep. 114, 3:

violenta et rapida Carneades dicebat, modesta Diogenes et sobria,

Gell. 7, 14, 10.—Hence, adv.: sōbrĭē (acc. to II. A. and B.).

Moderately, temperately, frugally: vivere (with parce, continenter, severe;

opp. diffluere luxuriā),

Cic. Off. 1, 30, 106.—

Prudently, sensibly, circumspectly, = prudenter:

ut hoc sobrie agatur,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 29:

curare aliquid,

id. Mil. 3, 1, 215:

hanc rem accurare,

id. Ps. 4, 1, 29; id. Pers. 4, 1, 1.

vĕl, conj. and adv. [old imv. of volo] prop., will, choose, take your choice; hence,

As disjunctive conjunction, to introduce an alternative as a matter of choice or preference, or as not affecting the principal assertion (while aut introduces an absolute or essential opposition; cf. Madv. Gr. § 436; Zumpt, Gr. § 339; Fischer, Gr. § 383).

Singly.

In gen., or (if you will), or else, or (at your pleasure), or (at least), or (it is indifferent), or (what is the same thing), etc.:

dic igitur me passerculum... haedillum me tuom dic esse vel vitellum,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 77: viginti minis? Ba. Utrum vis, vel quater quinis minis, id. Ps. 1, 3, 111:

lege vel tabellas redde,

id. ib. 1, 1, 29:

in solem ponito vel sine sale in defrutum condito,

Cato, R. R. 7: orabant (sc. Ubii), ut sibi auxilium ferret... vel... exercitum modo Rhenum transportaret, or at least, i. e. or, if he preferred it, Caes. B. G. 4, 16:

ejusmodi conjunctionem tectorum oppidum vel urbem appellaverunt,

Cic. Rep. 1, 26, 41:

in unius voluntate vel moribus,

id. ib. 2, 28, 51:

in unā urbe vel in hac ipsā,

id. ib. 3, 10, 17:

constituere vel conservare,

id. ib. 2, 38, 64:

in ardore caelesti, qui aether vel caelum nominatur,

id. N. D. 2, 15, 41:

transfer idem ad modestiam vel temperantiam,

id. Fin. 2, 19, 60; cf. Madv. ad id. ib. 2, 25, 81:

unum illud extimescebam, ne quid turpiter facerem, vel dicam, jam effecissem,

id. Att. 9, 7, 1: haec neque confirmare argumentis neque refellere in animo est;

ex ingenio suo quisque demat vel addat fidem,

Tac. G. 3.—

Esp.

With potius, to correct or make more precise what has been said, or rather:

ex hoc populo indomito vel potius immani,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44, 68:

post obitum vel potius excessum Romuli,

id. ib. 2, 30, 53:

cessit auctoritati amplissimi viri vel potius paruit,

id. Lig. 7, 22:

vide quid licentiae nobis tua liberalitas det, vel potius audaciae,

id. ib. 8, 23:

ludorum plausus vel testimonia potius,

id. Phil. 1, 15, 36:

quam valde ille reditu vel potius reversione meā laetatus!

id. Att. 16, 7, 5; id. Phil. 13, 9, 19:

novem tibi orbibus, vel potius globis conexa sunt omnia,

id. Rep. 6, 17, 17:

plurimas vel potius omnes ex se ipso virtutes contulit,

Quint. 10, 1, 109.—In climax after a negative:

tu certe numquam in hoc ordine vel potius numquam in hac urbe mansisses,

Cic. Phil. 2, 15, 38.—

So corrective, without potius:

sed haec tu melius vel optime omnium,

Cic. Fam. 4, 13, 7:

clariore vel plane perspicua,

id. Fin. 5, 20, 55; id. Lael. 12, 41:

Capua ab duce eorum Capye, vel. quod propius vero est, a campestri agro appellata,

Liv. 4, 37, 1:

cum P. Decius se in Samnium vel in Etruriam proficisci paratum esse ostendisset,

id. 10, 26, 4.—Esp. in the phrase vel dicam, or let me rather say, or rather:

quando enim nobis, vel dicam aut oratoribus bonis aut poëtis, ullus... ornatus defuit?

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 10; id. Brut. 57, 207; id. Cael. 31, 75; id. Phil. 2, 12, 30; id. Att. 9, 7, 1; Suet. Calig. 13.—So intensive, or I may even say (cf. II. A. 3. infra):

omnes binos consules, vel dicam amplius, omnia nomina,

Varr. L. L. 8, p. 106 Bip.:

a plerisque vel dicam ab omnibus,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 3; id. Brut. 70, 246.—

Vel etiam, or even:

ut expositio quarundam rerum gestarum vel etiam fabulosarum,

Quint. 4, 3, 12. —

= aut, or else.

With an alternative necessary consequence:

id autem nec nasci potest nec mori, vel concidat omne caelum omnisque natura consistat necesse est,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 23, 54 Tischer ad loc.:

vel tu ne faceres tale in adulescentiā,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 22.—

In gen. ( poet. and post class.):

si copias armatorum... secum expenderent, vincendum illā acie vel cadendum esse,

Tac. A. 14, 35:

mortem omnibus ex naturā aequalem oblivione apud posteros vel gloriă distingui,

id. H. 1, 21; cf. id. A. 14, 61; 14, 62:

quod imperium variā sorte laetum rei publicae aut atrox, principibus prosperum vel exitio fuit,

id. H. 2, 1 init.; 2, 10; 2, 68; cf. Ov. M. 9, 624 sq.; 15, 601 sq.—

In a subordinate alternative after aut:

nec aut tibi ipsi aut huic Secundo vel huic Apro ignotas,

Tac. Or. 28:

ne contra Gai quidem aut Claudii vel Neronis... domum,

id. H. 2, 76:

abscedens in hortos aut Tusculanum vel Antiatem in agrum,

id. A. 14, 3 init.:

dementiae quoque judicia aut propter id quod factum est aut propter id quod adhuc fieri vel non fieri potest instituuntur,

Quint. 7, 4, 29.—

As co-ordinate.

Vel... vel, either... or, be it... or; in gen. (class.; but where the alternatives are necessary and exclusive, that is, where one must be right and the other wrong, aut... aut is used; v. infra, and cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 4, 11, 27): sed hic numquis adest? Pa. Vel adest vel non, i. e. just as you please, Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 28 Brix ad loc.:

paucis me misit ad eam... vel ut ducentos Philippos reddat aureos, vel ut hinc eat secum,

id. Bacch. 4, 1, 18 sq.:

ubi illic biberit, vel servato meum modum vel ego dabo,

id. Stich. 5, 4, 37:

vel tu me vende, vel face quod tibi lubet,

id. Pers. 3, 1, 70:

nunc quamobrem huc sum missa, amabo, vel tu mihi ajas, vel neges,

id. Rud. 2, 4, 14; cf. id. ib. 5, 2, 44:

Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros... existimabant, vel vi coacturos, ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 6:

ut (Romani) vel sibi agros attribuant vel patiantur eos tenere, etc.,

id. ib. 4, 7:

vel sumptuosae vel desidiosae illecebrae,

Cic. Rep. 2, 4, 8:

in omni vel officio vel sermone sollers,

id. ib. 2, 21, 37:

maximum virtutis vel documentum, vel officium,

id. ib. 1, 20, 33:

pace vel Quirini vel Romuli dixerim,

id. Off. 3, 10, 42:

erant quaestiones vel de caede vel de vi,

id. Mil. 5, 13; 7, 20; id. Leg. 3, 14, 32; id. Lig. 6, 17; id. Deiot. 1, 1; 5, 13; id. Brut. 69, 242:

animus vel bello vel paci paratus,

Liv. 1, 1, 8:

hunc ordinem ex censu descripsit vel paci decorum vel bello,

id. 1, 42, 5: Etruriam et Samnium provincias esse;

utram mallet eligeret: suo exercitu se vel in Etruriā vel in Samnio rem gesturum,

id. 10, 19, 9:

gladioque ruptis omnibus loris, oraculi sortem vel elusit vel implevit,

Curt. 3, 1, 18:

nihil illo fuisset excellentius vel in vitiis vel in virtutibus,

Nep. Alcib. 1, 1; 2, 1; id. Milt. 3, 4.—

Connected with aut, but not corresponding to it (cf. infra, 2. e.):

num aut tuum aut cujusquam nostrum nomen vel Caucasum hunc transcendere potuit vel illum Gangem transnatare?

Cic. Rep. 6, 20, 22:

ubi enim potest illa aetas aut calescere vel apricatione melius vel igni aut vicissim umbris aquisve refrigerari salubrius?

id. Sen. 16, 57:

si velim scribere quid aut legere aut canere vel voce vel fidibus, aut geometricum quiddam aut physicum aut dialecticum explicare, etc.,

id. Div. 2, 59, 122.—

Esp.

With weakened disjunctive force (nearly = et... et). quemadmodum ille vel Athenis vel Rhodi se doctissimorum hominum sermonibus dedisset, Cic. de Or. 2, 1, 3:

multos sine ratione, sine litteris, quā vel inpudentia vel fames duxit, ruentes,

Quint. 2, 20, 2:

affectus vel illos mites vel hos concitatos in suā potestate habuisse,

id. 10, 1, 48: eadem quaestio potest eundem vel accusatorem facere vel reum, id. 3, 6, 18: et nundina vetera ex ordine instituit, vel dies vel tempora, Lampr Alex. Sev. 43: pestilentia tanta exstiterat vel Romae, vel Achaicis urbibus, ut, etc., Treb. Gall. 5.—

More than twice, either... or... or, etc. tu vel suda, vel peri algu, vel tu aegrota, vel vale, Plaut. Rud. 2, 7, 24:

hance tu mihi vel vi vel clam vel precario Fac tradas: meā nil re fert, dum potiar modo,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 28:

vel in tempestate, vel in agris, vel in corporibus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44, 68:

vel quod ita vivit vel quod ita rem publicam gerit vel quod ita factus est,

id. Phil. 2, 5, 10:

vel spectator laudum tuarum vel particeps vel socius vel minister consiliorum,

id. Fam. 2, 7, 2; id. Red. Quir. 9, 23;

so eight times,

id. Rep. 1, 3, 6. —

The second (or last) vel strengthened,

By etiam:

quae vel ad usum vitae vel etiam ad ipsam rem publicam conferre possumus,

or even, Cic. Rep. 1, 8, 30; so id. ib. 1, 29, 45; 2, 1, 1; cf.:

ut vel ea defendam, quae Pompejus velit, vel taceam, vel etiam ad nostra me studia referam litterarum,

id. Fam. 1, 8, 3.—

By vero etiam:

in mediocribus vel studiis vel officiis, vel vero etiam negotiis,

Cic. Rep. 1, 3, 4.—

By omnino: haec vel ad odium, vel ad misericordiam, vel omnino ad animos judicum movendos ex iis quae sunt ante posita, sumentur ( or in general), Cic. Part. Or. 36, 128.—

Rarely after a negative = neque, nor:

neque satis Bruto... vel tribunis militum constabat, quid agerent,

Caes. B. G. 3, 14.—

In irregular construction, without the second vel:

utrumque est in his, quod ab hoc oratore abhorreat: vel quod omnis, qui sapientes non sint, insanos esse dicunt... accedit quod, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 18, 65; id. Att. 11, 7, 5; cf. esp. Lucr. 5, 383 sqq. Munro ad loc. —

Vel... vel = aut... aut:

habere ea, quae secundum naturam sint, vel omnia vel plurima et maxima,

i. e. so nearly all that the difference is unimportant, Cic. Fin. 4, 11, 27; cf.

Madv. ad loc.: cum bonā quidem spe, ut ait idem, vel vincendi vel in libertate moriendi,

id. Att. 7, 9, 4.—For vel... vel, in a subordinate alternative after aut, v. the examples under I. B. 1. b. supra.—

Vel, correl. with aut (post-Aug. and rare):

verborum quoque vis ac proprietas confirmatur vel praesumptione... aut reprehensione,

Quint. 9, 2, 18:

voces... aut productione tantum vel correptione mutatae,

id. 9, 3, 69 (but the line Ov. M. 1, 546, is spurious); so,

aut... aut... vel: ut aut de nomine aut scripto et sententiā vel ratiocinatione quaeratur,

Quint. 3, 6, 72:

aut... aut... aut... aut... vel,

id. 8, 6, 68 sq.; cf.:

ubi regnat Protogenes aliquis vel Diphilus aut Erimarchus,

Juv. 3, 120.

As intens. particle (prop. ellipt., implying an alternative the first member of which is omitted, something else or even this, etc.).

In gen., or even, if you will, or indeed, or... itself, even, assuredly, certainly.

With subst.:

tum opsonium autem pol vel legioni sat est,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 6, 24; id. Capt. 1, 2, 23; id. Curc. 5, 2, 13:

ita me di ament, vel in lautumiis, vel in pistrino mavelim Agere aetatem, Quam, etc.,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 5: Ep. Si arte poteris accubare. Ge. Vel inter cuneos ferreos, id. Stich. 4, 2, 39:

vel rex semper maxumas Mihi agebat gratias,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 7:

sed tamen vel regnum malo quam liberum populum,

Cic. Rep. 3, 34, 46:

isto quidem modo vel consulatus vituperabilis est,

id. Leg. 3, 10, 23:

cum se vel principes ejus consilii fore profiterentur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 37:

vel Priamo miseranda manus,

Verg. A. 11, 259:

ego vel Prochytam praepono Suburae,

Juv. 3, 5:

facile me paterer vel illo ipso acerrimo judice quaerente vel apud Cassianos judices... pro Sex. Roscio dicere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 30, 85:

populus Romanus auctoritatem suam vel contra omnes defendere potest,

even if necessary, id. Imp. Pomp. 22, 63:

id se probaturum vel ipso Verginio judice,

Liv. 3, 44, 10:

belli necessitatibus eam patientiam non adhibebimus, quam vel lusus ac voluptas elicere solet?

id. 5, 6, 3:

timebant ne Romana plebs... vel cum servitute pacem acciperet,

even if it should involve their enslavement, id. 2, 9, 5.—

With adjj.: Ch. Pax, te tribus verbis volo. Sy. Vel trecentis, Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 122: Ca. Ut opperiare hos sex dies saltem modo... Ba. Animo bono es. Vel sex mensis opperibor, id. Ps. 1, 3, 89; cf.: jam hercle vel ducentae [p. 1964] minae, id. ib. 1, 3, 68;

1, 3, 111: hoc ascensu vel tres armati quamlibet multitudinem arcuerint,

Liv. 9, 24, 7: Ph. Dane suavium? Di. Immo vel decem, Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 22:

ego illum eunuchum, si opus sit, vel sobrius,

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 26:

si sit opus, vel totum triduom,

id. ib. 2, 1, 17:

haec sunt omnia ingenii vel mediocris,

Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 119.—

With verbs: namque edepol quamvis desubito vel cadus vorti potest, may even be turned over, i. e. will be empty, Plaut. Stich. 5, 4, 39:

ubi ego hinc abiero, vel occidito,

if you will, even, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 93:

per me vel stertas licet, inquit Carneades, non modo quiescas,

Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 93:

ut ipsis sententiis, quibus proluserunt, vel pugnare possint,

id. de Or. 2, 80, 325:

cum vel abundare debeam, cogor mutuari,

id. Att. 15 15, 3—

With pronn.:

videndum erit, quid quisque vel sine nobis aut possit consequi aut non possit,

Cic. Off. 1, 18, 59:

existiment quod velint, ac vel hoc intellegant,

id. Fin. 5, 11, 33:

est tibi ex his ipsis qui assunt bella copia, vel ut a te ipso ordiare,

especially as you can begin with yourself, id. Rep. 2, 40, 67.—

With superlatives, to denote the highest possible degree, the very; the utmost; the most...possible.

With adjj.: hoc invenisset unum ad morbum illum homini vel bellissimum, the very loveliest, the most beautiful possible, Lucil. ap. Non. 527, 28:

vidi in dolore podagrae ipsum vel omnium maximum Stoicorum Posidonium,

Cic. Fragm. ib. 32:

hoc in genere nervorum vel minimum, suavitatis autem est vel plurimum,

the very least... the utmost possible, id. Or. 26, 91:

quarum duarum (civitatum) si adessent (legationes), duo crimina vel maxima minuerentur,

id. Div. in Caecil. 5, 14:

patre meā sententiā vel eloquentissimo temporibus illis,

the most eloquent possible, id. de Or. 2, 23, 98:

quod erat ad obtinendam potentiam nobilium vel maximum, vehementer id retinebatur,

id. Rep. 2, 32, 56:

cujus (sc. Hannibalis) eo tempore vel maxima apud regem auctoritas erat,

Liv. 36, 41, 2:

vident unum senatorem vel tenuissimum esse damnatum,

Cic. Verr. 1, 16, 46:

fora templaque occupabantur, ut vel exspectatissimi triumphi laetitia praecipi posset,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 51:

sed vel potentissima apud Amphictyonas aequi tractatio est,

Quint. 5, 10, 118; 11, 1, 81.—

With advv.:

vel studiosissime quaerere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15:

cum Sophocles vel optime scripserit Electram,

id. Fin. 1, 2, 5:

vel maxime confirmare,

id. N. D. 2, 65, 162; so,

vel maxime,

id. Ac. 2, 3, 9; id. de Or. 1, 8, 32; id. Att. 9, 12, 3; Quint. 1, 3, 12; 4, 3, 4.—

In adding an instance implying that other instances might be mentioned at will, or this one; for instance, for example, as for example, in particular:

Per pol quam paucos reperias Fideles amatores... Vel hic Pamphilus jurabat quotiens Bacchidi, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 3:

vel heri in vino quam inmodestus fuisti,

id. Heaut. 3, 3, 7: nullast tam facilis res quin difficilis siet Quom invitus facias;

vel me haec deambulatio... ad languorum dedit,

id. ib. 4, 6, 1:

sed suavis accipio litteras, vel quas proxime acceperam, quam prudentis!

Cic. Fam. 2, 13, 1:

cujus innumerabilia sunt exempla, vel Appii majoris illius, qui, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 70, 284.—

Concessive.

With superlatives, perhaps:

adulescens vel potentissimus nostrae civitatis,

Cic. Rosc. A. 2, 6:

domus vel optima Messanae, notissima quidem certe,

the best known, at any rate, if not the finest, id. Verr. 2, 4, 2, § 3.—

= saltem, at least:

quā re etsi minus veram causam habebis, tamen vel probabilem aliquam poteris inducere,

Cic. Fam. 11, 22, 2:

plurimi semetipsos exhortantur vel aliquas partes earum (scientiarum) addiscere, quamvis universas percipere non possint,

Col. 11, 1, 11:

ac, ni flexisset animos, vel Aegypti praefecturam concedi sibi oraret,

Suet. Ner. 47:

ut messe vel unā releves colla perusta,

Mart. 10, 12, 5; Plin. Ep. 1, 12, 8; cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 4, 16, 43.

vīsĭto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. a. [viso].

To see (ante- and post-class.):

quia te non visitavi,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 1, 20:

aliquem,

id. Curc. 2, 3, 64; id. Ep. 4, 1, 12; 4, 1, 24:

ignotā facie, quae non visitata sit,

id. Trin. 3, 3, 37 Ritschl N. cr.:

immanis forma visitata,

App. M. 4, p. 151, 8:

signa,

visible, Vitr. 9, 4; Flor. 9 init. —

To go to see, to visit any one (rare but class.):

cum visitasset hominem Carneades,

Cic. Fin. 5, 31, 94:

aliquem,

Suet. Claud. 35; id. Tib. 11; id. Ner. 34; Hier. Ep. 7, 1.—

To punish (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Psa. 88, 33; id. Jer. 14, 10; id. Lev. 18, 25.—Also neutr.:

super his,

Vulg. Jer. 9, 9.—

To send, judicially, super vos malitiam, Vulg. Jer. 23, 2.